The Influence of Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors on the Nutritional Status of Toddlers in Urban and Rural Areas in Bangkinang Regency, Riau, Indonesia

Syafriani Syafriani; Haryati  Haryati; Rahmi Pramulia  Fitri; Afiah Afiah

doi:10.56303/jhnresearch.v4i1.348

Authors

Syafriani Syafriani Department of Public Health, Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai
Haryati Haryati Department of Midwifery, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Husada Gemilang
Rahmi Pramulia Fitri Department of Public Health, Institut Kesehatan Payung Negeri Pekanbaru
Afiah Afiah Department of Midwifery, Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Keywords:

Nutritional Status, Socio-Economic, Environment, Urban, Rural

Abstract

The nutritional status of toddlers is a critical indicator of sustainable human development. Disparities between urban and rural areas remain a major challenge for equitable child health in Indonesia. This study analyzed socio-economic and environmental factors' influence on toddlers' nutritional status, comparing urban and rural areas. A comparative survey design was used, with 60 respondents - 30 toddlers each from urban and rural areas. Data collection included socio-economic questionnaires, environmental checklists, and WHO Z-score anthropometric measurements. Data were analyzed using regression tests and t-tests. Nutritional status (Z-scores) was significantly better in urban children (1.1 ± 0.3) than rural children (0.5 ± 0.4), (p = 0.000), indicating socioeconomic and environmental disparities between populations. Family income shows the strongest correlation with nutritional status (r = 0.632, p < 0.01) and dominates the multivariate model. Mother's education has a moderate correlation (r = 0.486, p < 0.05), as does environmental score (r = 0.458, p < 0.01), which is dominant in the multivariate context. These findings suggest socioeconomic conditions and environmental quality influence child nutritional outcomes, with income and sanitation being most impactful. The study concludes that toddler nutritional status is determined by interrelated socio-economic and environmental factors varying between urban and rural contexts. These findings underscore the need for region-specific interventions and multi-sectoral policies responsive to local needs.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Utami DS, Syafriani S, Isnaeni LMA. Hubungan Indeks Massa Tubuh Dan Asupan Natrium Dengan Kejadian Hipertensi Di Desa Koto Perambahan. J Kesehat Tambusai. 30 Desember 2021;2(4):18–25.

Syafriani S. Hubungan Status Gizi Dan Umur Menarche Dengan Kejadian Dismenore Pada Remaja Putri Di Sman 2 Bangkinang Kota 2020. J Ners. 30 April 2021;5(1):32–7.

Meshram II, Mallikharjun Rao K, Balakrishna N, Harikumar R, Arlappa N, Sreeramakrishna K, et al. Infant and young child feeding practices, sociodemographic factors and their association with nutritional status of children aged <3 years in India: findings of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau survey, 2011–2012. Public Health Nutrition. 2019;22(1):104–14. doi:10.1017/S136898001800294X

Pilotto A, Custodero C, Maggi S, Polidori M. A multidimensional approach to frailty in older people. Ageing Research Reviews. 2020, 60, 101047

Choubisa SL. A brief review of industrial fluorosis in domesticated bovines in India: Focus on its socio-economic impacts on livestock farmers. J Biomed Res. 2023;4(1):8-15.

Mkhize M, Sibanda M. A Review of Selected Studies on the Factors Associated with the Nutrition Status of Children Under the Age of Five Years in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217973

Titus J Galama, Hans van Kippersluis, A Theory of Socio-economic Disparities in Health over the Life Cycle, The Economic Journal, Volume 129, Issue 617, January 2019, Pages 338–374, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12577

Folayan MO, Oginni AB, El Tantawi M, Alade M, Adeniyi AA, Finlayson TL. Association between nutritional status and early childhood caries risk profile in a suburban Nigeria community. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2020 Nov;30(6):798-804. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12645. Epub 2020 Apr 16. PMID: 32243034.

Ali NB, Tahsina T, Hoque DME, Hasan MM, Iqbal A, Huda TM, El Arifeen S. Association of food security and other socio-economic factors with dietary diversity and nutritional statuses of children aged 6-59 months in rural Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2019 Aug 29;14(8):e0221929. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221929. PMID: 31465509; PMCID: PMC6715227.

Shrestha, A., Six, J., Dahal, D. et al. Association of nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene practices with children’s nutritional status, intestinal parasitic infections and diarrhoea in rural Nepal: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 20, 1241 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09302-3

Baturin AK, Martinchik AN, Kambarov AO. [The transit of Russian nation nutrition at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries]. Vopr Pitan. 2020;89(4):60-70. Russian. doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10042. Epub 2020 Jul 29. PMID: 32986321.

Zhang, Zhenhua & Zhang, Guoxing & Su, Bin. The spatial impacts of air pollution and socio-economic status on public health: Empirical evidence from China. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2022. vol. 83(C).

Renzaho AMN. The Need for the Right Socio-Economic and Cultural Fit in the COVID-19 Response in Sub-Saharan Africa: Examining Demographic, Economic Political, Health, and Socio-Cultural Differentials in COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May 15;17(10):3445. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103445. PMID: 32429123; PMCID: PMC7277405.

Roser K, Erdmann F, Michel G, Winther JF, Mader L. The impact of childhood cancer on parents' socio-economic situation-A systematic review. Psychooncology. 2019 Jun;28(6):1207-1226. doi: 10.1002/pon.5088. Epub 2019 May 8. PMID: 30970149.

Thomas MJ, Whittle R, Menz HB, Rathod-Mistry T, Marshall M, Roddy E. Plantar heel pain in middle-aged and older adults: population prevalence, associations with health status and lifestyle factors, and frequency of healthcare use. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Jul 20;20(1):337. doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2718-6. PMID: 31325954; PMCID: PMC6642587.

Picchioni F, Goulao LF, Roberfroid D. The impact of COVID-19 on diet quality, food security and nutrition in low and middle income countries: A systematic review of the evidence. Clin Nutr. 2022 Dec;41(12):2955-2964. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.015. Epub 2021 Aug 27. PMID: 34535329; PMCID: PMC8390094.

Pandey VK, Aggarwal P, Kakkar R. Modified BG Prasad Socio-economic Classification, Update - 2019. Indian J Community Health [Internet]. 2019 Mar. 31 [cited 2025 Apr. 22];31(1):150-2. Available from: https://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1055

Ellena M, Breil M, Soriani S. The heat-health nexus in the urban context: A systematic literature review exploring the socio-economic vulnerabilities and built environment characteristics Urban Climate. 2020, 34.100676

Abad-Segura, Emilio & González-Zamar, Mariana Daniela & López-Meneses, Eloy. El proceso de toma de decisiones basado en métodos cuantitativos [Analysis of research on decision making-based on quantitative methods. Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa = Journal of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration. 2022. vol. 34(1), pages 118-136, December.

Agosti E, De Maria L, Mattogno PP, Della Pepa GM, D'Onofrio GF, Fiorindi A, Lauretti L, Olivi A, Fontanella MM, Doglietto F. Quantitative Anatomical Studies in Neurosurgery: A Systematic and Critical Review of Research Methods. Life (Basel). 2023 Aug 28;13(9):1822. doi: 10.3390/life13091822. PMID: 37763226; PMCID: PMC10532642.

Bager-Charleson S, McBeath A, editors. Supporting Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Research. 1st ed. 2022 edition. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2023. 295 p.

Dong X. A machine vision–based, quantitative method of capturing spatiotemporal activity for post-occupancy evaluation research. Sci Technol Built Environ. 2023;29(2):185–211.

Chen L, Tong H, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Mou P. Research on Quantitative Calculation Method of Accident Scope of Gathering and Transportation Station. Energies. 2022; 15(24):9476. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249476

Dou MH. Research on the development of methods in CAR-T cell therapy and its quantitative reference using digital PCR. Chin J New Drugs. 2021;30(24):2306–14.

Pinchoff J, Mills CW, Balk D. Urbanization and health: The effects of the built environment on chronic disease risk factors among women in Tanzania. PLOS ONE. 3 November 2020;15(11):e0241810.

Soekatri MYE, Sandjaja S, Syauqy A. Stunting Was Associated with Reported Morbidity, Parental Education and Socioeconomic Status in 0.5–12-Year-Old Indonesian Children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Januari 2020;17(17):6204.

Wali N, Agho KE, Renzaho AMN. Mapping of nutrition policies and programs in South Asia towards achieving the Global Nutrition targets. Arch Public Health. 19 September 2023;81(1):171.

Brar S, Akseer N, Sall M, Conway K, Diouf I, Everett K, dkk. Drivers of stunting reduction in Senegal: a country case study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1 September 2020;112:860S-874S.

Islam R, Matsuzaki K, Sumiyoshi E, Hossain ME, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, dkk. Theobromine Improves Working Memory by Activating the CaMKII/CREB/BDNF Pathway in Rats. Nutrients. April 2019;11(4):888.

Ahnan-Winarno AD, Cordeiro L, Winarno FG, Gibbons J, Xiao H. Tempeh: A semicentennial review on its health benefits, fermentation, safety, processing, sustainability, and affordability. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2021;20(2):1717–67.

Nguyen PH, Sununtnasuk C, Christopher A, Ash D, Ireen S, Kabir R, dkk. Strengthening Nutrition Interventions during Antenatal Care Improved Maternal Dietary Diversity and Child Feeding Practices in Urban Bangladesh: Results of a Quasi-Experimental Evaluation Study. J Nutr. 1 Oktober 2023;153(10):3068–82.

Noorwali R, Almotairy S, Akhder R, Mahmoud G, Sharif L, Alasmee N, dkk. Barriers and Facilitators to Mental Health Help-Seeking among Young Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Januari 2022;19(5):2848.

Vanderhout SM, Panah MR, Garcia-Bailo B, Grace-Farfaglia P, Samsel K, Dockray J, dkk. Nutrition, genetic variation and male fertility. Transl Androl Urol. Maret 2021;10(3):1410431–1431.

Angima G, Qu Y, Park SH, Dallas DC. Prebiotic Strategies to Manage Lactose Intolerance Symptoms. Nutrients. Januari 2024;16(7):1002.

Bell V, Varzakas T, Psaltopoulou T, Fernandes T. Sickle Cell Disease Update: New Treatments and Challenging Nutritional Interventions. Nutrients. Januari 2024;16(2):258.

Rothenberg E. Coronavirus Disease 19 from the Perspective of Ageing with Focus on Nutritional Status and Nutrition Management—A Narrative Review. Nutrients. April 2021;13(4):1294.

Bourassa MW, Atkin R, Gorstein J, Osendarp S. Aligning the Epidemiology of Malnutrition with Food Fortification: Grasp Versus Reach. Nutrients. Januari 2023;15(9):2021.